Big data refers to the vast amounts of data that are generated by businesses and other organizations, often at high velocity and with a variety of formats. Big data technologies are used to store, process, and analyze this data in order to extract insights and make better decisions. Popular big data platforms include Hadoop, Spark, and Cassandra. Subscribe Functional programming (FP) is a programming paradigm that emphasizes the use of functions to solve problems. FP avoids mutable state and side effects, which can make code more predictable and easier to reason about. Popular functional programming languages include Haskell, Lisp, and Scala.